I.  How do you probe Atomic and Molecular Systems with Electromagnetic Radiation?
    - What can you find out?
    - What is the strategy?
    - What are the limits
 

II.  Overview of Techniques and Science

    A.  Bulk Resonant
        - direct stimulated absorption (classic microwave or infrared absorption) or emission (double resonance with population inversion)
            [Chapter 2 of Gordy and Cook]
        - absorption with 'acoustic' detection
        - emission
            thermal (upper atmosphere in mmw or ir; interstellar medium in the mmw)
            ~thermal excitation (flames or discharges in the optical or uv)
            flourescence (laser induced in the ir)
        - coherent excitation and detection (pulsed FT spectrometers)
            [Flygare and Thaddeus reprints]

    B.  Molecular Beams
        - state selection and deflection, detection of beam (classical molecular beam magnetic and electric resonance)
        - state selection and resonant detection (molecular beam masers)
        - bolometetric detection of absorption energy
            [Scholes]

    C.  List of Science
        -Remote sensing:  what's there, where is it, how is it moving, what is its temperature, . . .??
        -Collisional properties (linewidths, inelastic rates)
        -Energy Levels

III.  Detectors [Boyd]

    A.  Square law detectors and devices
         -crystals, photodiodes, bolometers
    B.  Incoherent detection
    C.  Coherent detection
         -how radio and tv's work, what are some typical numbers
         -radio astronomy receivers as an example
    D.  Examples of 'Real' detectors  [Chapter 4 - Martin]
 

IV.  Entangled Signals:  Carriers and Modulation Theory

    A.  Formal AM and FM Modulation Theory [Chapter 11 of BB]
    B.  Example:  Absorption with and without a bridge circuit

V.  Noise Theory

    A.  Waveguides and Resonators:CHAPTERS 16 and 17 (Bronwell and Beam)   Essentially the same problems as covered in Chapters 6 and 7 of Yariv with different boundary conditions.

    B.  Mode and energy density in blackbody radiation [pdf]

    C.  The Single Mode Antenna Theorem  [pdf]

    D.  Fundamental Noise Calculations  [pdf]
 

     "Fluctuations in streams of Thermal Radiation"  W. B. Lewis (pdf file)   A very nice description of how the statistical fluctuations in black-body radiation place fundamental limits on the minimum signal that can be detected by a detector.
     "The ultimate sensitivity of submm detectors", E. H. Putley (pdf file)   The specific application of the theory of Lewis to the long wavelength 'tail' of the blackbody distribution.

    E.  Noise in Electronics
        -noise countours -  [link]
        -lock in amplifiers -  [link]
        -impedance matching

VI.  Sensitivity Limits for the Detection of Small Absorptions/Emissions

    - [Chapter 15 - Townes]
    -[Modulation theory and square law detectors revisited]

VII.  Molecular Beams
    -detection by selective (state dependent) deflection
        -MBER - hot wires/mass specs/ionizers
        -MBM
    -detection by laser selection

VIII.  Data Acquisition
    -integration
    -digital sampling
    -bandwidth
    -duty cycle
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Coherent Detectors
    This is currently hand written - needs to be typed by Britaney
 
 

Specfics
    Oppertunities in coherent absorption/emission
    Long wavelength probes of cold regions, but because of cold are in or approach the 'optical' limit
    Cold beams
 

NMR as an example - see Charles

beam detectors
    -hot wire, mass spectroscopic, spectroscopic/ionization schemes, bolometric

data acquistion, integration, digital sampling, bandwidth, duty cycle
 
 

        Electron Beam: Klystrons, Traveling Wave Tubes, Backward Wave Oscillators, Free Electron Lasers, etc.

     Bronwell and Beam (Cpt 6)   This chapter deals with the production of electromagnetic radiation from the interaction of electron beams with resonant microwave structures at a very basic "physics" level.  We will deals specifically with:

        6.04  Description of the Klystron Oscillator
        6.05  The Klystron Resonator
        6.06  Electron Transit-time Relationships in the Klystron
        6.07  Power Output and Efficiency of the Klystron
        6.09  Phase Relationships in the Klystron Oscillator
        6.12  The Reflex Klystron
        6.13  Analysis of the Reflex Klystron Oscillator

 Modulation theory and AM and FM noise (demers)

****************THIS NEEDS TO BE UPDATED/FILES PLACED IN CORRECT FOLDERS***********
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