(************** Content-type: application/mathematica ************** CreatedBy='Mathematica 5.0' Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used with any Mathematica-compatible application, such as Mathematica, MathReader or Publicon. The data for the notebook starts with the line containing stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). 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In Mathematica the basic syntax is to 'wrap' functions around \ their arguments, and then wrap additional functions around the results. " }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["f", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", StyleBox[\(f\ @\ x\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ",", " ", StyleBox[\(f\ @\ x\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], ",", " ", StyleBox[\(x // f\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[",", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[\(\(x // f\) // f\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}], "}"}], " ", \( (*\ all\ four\ ' wrap'\ f\ around\ x\ *) \)}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({f[f[x]], f[x], f[x], f[f[x]]}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Expand", " ", "@", " ", RowBox[{ StyleBox["(", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], \(\((a + b)\)^3\), StyleBox[")", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}]}], ",", \(\((a + b)\)^3 // Expand\)}], "}"}], StyleBox[\( (*\ note\ parens\ *) \), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({a\^3 + 3\ a\^2\ b + 3\ a\ b\^2 + b\^3, a\^3 + 3\ a\^2\ b + 3\ a\ b\^2 + b\^3}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "With symbolic computation using a computer algebra system like ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", operators are readily introduced using \"pure functions.\" A pure \ function is simply a specified operation with 'slots' ", StyleBox["#", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " to locate the argument of the operation. For example, the combination of \ symbols ", StyleBox["#", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["^3", FontFamily->"Courier"], " ", StyleBox["& ", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], "is a pure function to cube something. Compare the following equivalent \ forms:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["#", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "^", "3"}], " ", StyleBox["&", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}], " ", "@", " ", "x"}], ",", " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["#", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "^", "3"}], " ", StyleBox["&", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["[", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["x", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}], ",", " ", RowBox[{"x", " ", "//", " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["#", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "^", "3"}], " ", StyleBox["&", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]}], "}"}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({x\^3, x\^3, x\^3}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ We're already familiar with postfix forms of pure functions to include \ options in mma tools:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(Cos[n\ \[Pi]]\), " ", "//", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Simplify", "[", RowBox[{ StyleBox["#", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], ",", \(n \[Element] Integers\)}], "]"}], StyleBox["&", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\((\(-1\))\)\^n\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "Pure functions avoid introducing extraneous names, such as ", StyleBox["cube", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["[x] = x^3", FontFamily->"Courier"], ", and are thus also referred to as \"anonymous functions.\"" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"f", "[", RowBox[{ StyleBox["#", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], ",", "y"}], "]"}], StyleBox["&", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}], " ", "@", " ", "peter"}], ",", RowBox[{"linda", "//", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"f", "[", RowBox[{"y", ",", StyleBox["#", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], "]"}], StyleBox["&", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]}], "}"}], " "}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({f[peter, y], f[y, linda]}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "In ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", the symbol ", StyleBox["&", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " marks the end of the pure function and is shorthand for the built-in \ object ", StyleBox["Function", FontFamily->"Courier"], ". The symbols ", StyleBox["#", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " and ", StyleBox["&", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " are peculiar to ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " syntax. Compare:", StyleBox[" ", FontFamily->"Courier"] }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{\(Function[#^3]\), ",", \(\(Function[#^3]\)[x]\), ",", " ", RowBox[{"x", " ", "//", " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["#", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "^", "3"}], " ", StyleBox["&", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]}], "}"}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({#1\^3 &, x\^3, x\^3}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Momentum operator", "Subsubsection"], Cell["\<\ Thus, we can define for example the momentum operator in one of several ways.\ \ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "(i) Simply wrap ", StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " around ", StyleBox["\[Psi]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], ":" }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[{\(Clear[p]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "[", "\[Psi]_", "]"}], ":=", " ", RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(-I\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["\[HBar]", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(\[PartialD]\_x\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", StyleBox["\[Psi]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]}]}], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "[", \(E^\((I\ k\ x)\)\), "]"}], ",", RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "[", RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], "[", " ", \(\[Psi][x]\), "]"}], "]"}]}], "}"}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(\[ImaginaryI]\ k\ x\)\ k\ \[HBar]\), ",", RowBox[{\(-\[HBar]\^2\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}]}], "}"}]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Note, the postfix form works here too, but it's a bit strange from the point \ of view of QM:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(\[Psi][x]\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["//", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], StyleBox["//", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(-\[HBar]\^2\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ (ii) Instead, the equivalent prefix notation better segregates operators and \ wavefunctions:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[{\(Clear[p]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", StyleBox["\[Psi]_", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}], " ", ":=", " ", RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(-I\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["\[HBar]", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(\[PartialD]\_x\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", StyleBox["\[Psi]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]}]}], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], RowBox[{ StyleBox["(", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], \(E^\((I\ k\ x)\)\), StyleBox[")", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}], ",", RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", \(\[Psi][x]\)}]}]}], "}"}], StyleBox[\( (*\ note\ parens\ *) \), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(\[ImaginaryI]\ k\ x\)\ k\ \[HBar]\), ",", RowBox[{\(-\[HBar]\^2\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}]}], "}"}]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ (iii) Better still, drop altogether direct reference to a wavefunction (= the \ argument or object of the operator) and define the momentum operator as a \ pure function:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[{\(Clear[p]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", ":=", " ", StyleBox[\(\(-I\)\ \[HBar]\ \[PartialD]\_x\ # &\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}]}], "Input"], Cell["\<\ Nevertheless, the above various forms still work, although the prefix form is \ preferable.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], RowBox[{ StyleBox["p", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], \(\[Psi][x]\)}]}], ",", " ", \(p[p[\ \[Psi][x]]]\), ",", " ", \(\(\[Psi][x]\ // p\) // p\)}], "}"}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{\(-\[HBar]\^2\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}], ",", RowBox[{\(-\[HBar]\^2\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}], ",", RowBox[{\(-\[HBar]\^2\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}]}], "}"}]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "We can now define other quantum operators, for example, the ", StyleBox["K.E.", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], ":" }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[{\(Clear[K]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ StyleBox["K", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", ":=", " ", \(\(1\/\(2 m\)\) p\ @\ \(p\ @\ #\) &\)}]}], "Input"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Exercise", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " Use ", StyleBox["K", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " to define the ", StyleBox["HO", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " ", StyleBox["hamiltonian", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " operator ", StyleBox["H", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], ". Note the P.E. needs a slot #, too. Hence, show that" }], "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ StyleBox["H", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], \(\[Psi][x]\)}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({{\(\[Omega]\ \[HBar]\)\/2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, \(3\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\)\/2, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, \(5\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\)\/2, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, \(7\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\)\/2, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, \(9\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\)\/2, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, \(11\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\)\/2}}[\[Psi][x]]\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["HO Raising & Lowering Operators", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "The so-called 'raising' (", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]]], ") and 'lowering' (", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox["a", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]]], ") operators allow the HO hamiltonian to be factored and its eigenfunction \ spectrum constructed entirely using operator algebra. These operators are \ identical except for the ", StyleBox["\[PlusMinus]I", FontFamily->"Courier"], ".", StyleBox[" (You might have to enter the following cell twice to get things \ to work right.)", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]] }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", "=", " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{\(\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2 \[HBar]\)\)\), RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{\(x\ #\), " ", StyleBox["-", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], \(I\/\(m\ \[Omega]\)\ p\ @\ #\)}], ")"}]}], "&"}]}], ";"}], " "}], "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["a", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " ", "=", " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{\(\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2 \[HBar]\)\)\), RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{\(x\ #\), " ", StyleBox["+", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], \(I\/\(m\ \[Omega]\)\ p\ @\ #\)}], ")"}]}], "&"}]}], ";"}]}], "Input"], Cell[TextData[{ "Note how ", StyleBox["\[Psi][x]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " drops in the slots:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", StyleBox[\(\[Psi][x]\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " "}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\ \[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\[Psi][x]]\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "These operators factor the HO hamiltonian ", StyleBox["H ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], "to within an additive constant = the ground-state energy:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox["\[HBar]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["\[Omega]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[ RowBox[{ StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}]], RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], RowBox[{ StyleBox["a", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", \(\[Psi][x]\)}]}]}], " ", "//", "Simplify"}], "//", "Expand"}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"\[Omega]", " ", "\[HBar]", " ", RowBox[{\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \ \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\), "[", FractionBox[ RowBox[{\(\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar]\)\), " ", RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{\(x\ \[Psi][x]\), "+", FractionBox[ RowBox[{"\[HBar]", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}], \(m\ \[Omega]\)]}], ")"}]}], \(\@2\)], "]"}]}]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"%", " ", "+", RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(1\/2\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["\[HBar]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["\[Omega]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " ", \(\[Psi][x]\), " ", StyleBox[\( (*\ add\ the\ grd - state\ energy\ to\ get\ H\ *) \), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(1\/2\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\ \[Psi][x]\), "+", RowBox[{"\[Omega]", " ", "\[HBar]", " ", RowBox[{\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \ \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\), "[", FractionBox[ RowBox[{\(\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar]\)\), " ", RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{\(x\ \[Psi][x]\), "+", FractionBox[ RowBox[{"\[HBar]", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}], \(m\ \[Omega]\)]}], ")"}]}], \(\@2\)], "]"}]}]}]], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["We can thus also define the HO hamiltonian operator as", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[{\(Clear[H]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", RowBox[{"H", " ", ":=", " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"\[HBar]", " ", "\[Omega]", " ", RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " ", RowBox[{ StyleBox["a", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox[" ", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], StyleBox["@", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " ", "#"}]}], " ", "+", \(1\/2\ #\)}], ")"}]}], "&"}]}]}], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\(H\ @\ \[Psi][x] // Simplify\) // Expand\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(1\/2\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\ \[Psi][x]\), "+", RowBox[{"\[Omega]", " ", "\[HBar]", " ", RowBox[{\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \ \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\), "[", FractionBox[ RowBox[{\(\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar]\)\), " ", RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{\(x\ \[Psi][x]\), "+", FractionBox[ RowBox[{"\[HBar]", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[Psi]", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "x", "]"}]}], \(m\ \[Omega]\)]}], ")"}]}], \(\@2\)], "]"}]}]}]], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Ladder operators", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Let's introduce (unscaled)", " HO basis functions and examine some of the properties of the raising and \ lowering operators. Note the extra normalization factor ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(\((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]]], "out front:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(\[CurlyPhi]\_n_\), "=", " ", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(\((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], \(1\/\@\(\(2\^n\) \(n!\) \@\[Pi]\)\), \ \(Exp[\(-\(z\^2\/2\)\)]\), " ", \(HermiteH[n, z]\)}], "/.", StyleBox[\(z \[Rule] \ \(\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar]\)\) x\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ \ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\ HermiteH[n, x\ \@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\ \[HBar]\)]\)\/\(\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \@\(2\^n\ \(n!\)\)\)\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["Check that these are eigenfunctions of H:", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \({H\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_0/\[CurlyPhi]\_0, H\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_1/\[CurlyPhi]\_1, H\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_2/\[CurlyPhi]\_2} // Simplify\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({1\/2\ \[HBar]\ \((\[Omega] + \(2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \[Omega]\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[0]\)\/\((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\))\), 1\/2\ \[HBar]\ \((\[Omega] + \(\(1\/\(x\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\ \^\(3/4\)\)\)\((\@2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\ \)\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \[Omega]\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\ \)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ \((\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)])\)\))\), \(\(1\/\(4\ m\^2\ \ x\^2\ \[Omega] - 2\ m\ \[HBar]\)\)\((2\ m\^2\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\^2\ \[HBar] - m\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\^2 + 2\ \@2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\ \[HBar]\^3\ \ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ \ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ x\ \((\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)])\)\)}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ The raising operator raises the nth eigenfunction to the (n+1)th, while the \ lowering operator lowers the nth to the (n-1)th. Consider the ground- and \ first-excited states:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \({\(a\^\[Dagger]\)\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_0 \[Equal] \[CurlyPhi]\_1, a\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_1 \[Equal] \[CurlyPhi]\_0} // Simplify\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) \ &]\)[\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ \ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)] \[Equal] \@2\ \ \[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ x\ \((\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\), True}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "Including a normalization factor ", Cell[BoxData[ \(\@\(n!\)\)]], ", we can move ", StyleBox["up", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " and ", StyleBox["down", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " the ladder:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ FractionBox[ StyleBox[\(\(a\^\[Dagger]\)\ @\ \(\(a\^\[Dagger]\)\ @\ \(\(a\^\ \[Dagger]\)\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_0\)\)\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], \(\@\(3!\)\)], " ", "\[Equal]", \(\[CurlyPhi]\_3\)}], ",", RowBox[{ FractionBox[ StyleBox[\(a\ @\ \(a\ @\ \(a\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_3\)\)\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], \(\@\(3!\)\)], " ", "\[Equal]", \(\[CurlyPhi]\_0\)}]}], "}"}], "//", "Simplify"}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({\(\(1\/\@6\)\(\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ \ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ \ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(-\ \(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\ \(1/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)]]]\)\) \[Equal] \(\[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ x\ \((2\ m\ x\^2\ \[Omega] - 3\ \[HBar])\)\ \ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\)\/\(\@3\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \[HBar]\), True}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "And when we hit the bottom rung = ", StyleBox["ground state", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], ", the 'machine' stops:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"a", " ", "@", " ", StyleBox[\(\[CurlyPhi]\_0\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(0\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Exercise", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " Use this result to solve for the ground state wavefunction by giving ", StyleBox["a@\[Psi][x]\[Equal]0", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " to ", StyleBox["DSolve", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], ". Normalize the result to obtain ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(\[CurlyPhi]\_0\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]]], "." }], "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Exercise", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " Use the built-in function ", StyleBox["Nest", FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " to define the nth normalized HO eigenstate by repeated application of ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]]], " to ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(\[CurlyPhi]\_0\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]]], ". Show for a few particular values of n that your function is equivalent \ to ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(\[CurlyPhi]\_n\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]]], "." }], "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[" Number operator", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "The excitation quantum numbers ", StyleBox["n", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " are also the eigenvalues of another useful operator, the so-called \ 'number operator', defined as" }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ StyleBox["\[DoubleStruckCapitalN]", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], ":=", " ", \(\(a\^\[Dagger]\)\ @\ \(a\ @\ #\) &\), " ", StyleBox[\( (*\ N - look - alike\ symbol\ from\ a\ palette\ *) \), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]}]], "Input"], Cell[TextData[{ "with the", " ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(\[CurlyPhi]\_n\), FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]]], " as eigenfunctions:" }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \({\[DoubleStruckCapitalN]\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_0/\[CurlyPhi]\_0, \ \[DoubleStruckCapitalN]\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_1/\[CurlyPhi]\_1, \ \[DoubleStruckCapitalN]\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_2/\[CurlyPhi]\_2} // Simplify\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \ \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[0]\)\/\((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\ \[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\), \(\[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\ \)\)\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ \ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) \ &]\)[\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ \ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)]\)\/\(\@2\ x\ \ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\), \((\@2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ \ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \[HBar]\ \(Transpose[\@\(\ \(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ x\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)])\ \)/\((\((2\ m\ x\^2\ \[Omega] - \[HBar])\)\ \((\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\))\)}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Exercise", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " Use the number operator to redefine the hamiltonian one more time and \ verify that" }], "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \({H\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_0/\[CurlyPhi]\_0, H\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_1/\[CurlyPhi]\_1, H\ @\ \[CurlyPhi]\_2/\[CurlyPhi]\_2} // Simplify\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \({1\/2\ \[HBar]\ \((\[Omega] + \(2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \[Omega]\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[0]\)\/\((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\))\), 1\/2\ \[HBar]\ \((\[Omega] + \(\(1\/\(x\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\ \^\(3/4\)\)\)\((\@2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\ \)\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \[Omega]\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\ \)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ \((\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)])\)\))\), \(\(1\/\(4\ m\^2\ \ x\^2\ \[Omega] - 2\ m\ \[HBar]\)\)\((2\ m\^2\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\^2\ \[HBar] - m\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar]\^2 + 2\ \@2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\ \[HBar]\^3\ \ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ \ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(2\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ x\ \((\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)])\)\)}\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Exercise", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]], " Modify our definitions of ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]]], " and ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox["a", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]]]], " to define ", Cell[BoxData[ StyleBox[\(a\_\[PlusMinus]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]]], "as in Griffith's eq. [2.41]. Note, his operators have a different phase \ (careful with the \[PlusMinus]I) and scale (his number operator has \ dimensions \[HBar] \[Omega] while ours is dimensionless). Thus, verify his \ eqs. [2.42] and [2.51]." }], "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Solutions", "Subsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(H\ := \ K@#\ + \ \(1\/2\) m\ \(\[Omega]\^2\) x\^2\ # &\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(phi[n_]\), " ", ":=", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Nest", "[", RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(a\^\[Dagger]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], StyleBox[",", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], \(\[CurlyPhi]\_0\), ",", "n"}], "]"}], "/", \(\@\(n!\)\)}], "//", "Simplify"}]}]], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(phi[5] == \[CurlyPhi]\_5 // Simplify\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(1\/\(2\ \@30\)\)\(\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(Transpose[\@\ \(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ \ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ \ #1 + \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(-\ \(\(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\ \(1/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)]]]]]\)\) \[Equal] \(\[ExponentialE]\^\(-\(\(m\ x\^2\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\)\ x\ \((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(3/4\)\ \ \((4\ m\^2\ x\^4\ \[Omega]\^2 - 20\ m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\ \[HBar] + 15\ \ \[HBar]\^2)\)\)\/\(2\ \@15\ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \[HBar]\^2\)\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[BoxData[{ \(Clear[H]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", \(H\ := \[HBar]\ \[Omega]\ \((\[DoubleStruckCapitalN]\ @\ #\ + \ \(1\/2\ \) #)\) &\)}], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Coherent state?", "Subsubsection", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\(a\^\[Dagger]\)\ @\ \((E^\((I\ ko\ x)\)\ \[CurlyPhi]\_0)\)/\((E^\((I\ \ ko\ x)\)\ \[CurlyPhi]\_0)\) // Simplify\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(1\/\((\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\)\((\[ExponentialE]\^\(1\ \/2\ x\ \((\(-2\)\ \[ImaginaryI]\ ko + \(m\ x\ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\)\ \ \[Pi]\^\(1/4\)\ \(Transpose[\@\(\(m\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((x\ #1 + \ \(\[ImaginaryI]\ p[#1]\)\/\(m\ \[Omega]\))\) &]\)[\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(\ \[ImaginaryI]\ ko\ x - \(m\ x\^2\ \[Omega]\)\/\(2\ \[HBar]\)\)\ \((\(m\ \ \[Omega]\)\/\[HBar])\)\^\(1/4\)\)\/\[Pi]\^\(1/4\)])\)\)\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]] }, Open ]] }, Open ]] }, FrontEndVersion->"5.0 for Macintosh", ScreenRectangle->{{0, 1920}, {0, 1174}}, WindowSize->{692, 638}, WindowMargins->{{4, Automatic}, {Automatic, -1}}, Magnification->1.25 ] (******************************************************************* Cached data follows. 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